Cuidados paliativos: percepção do ensino e avaliação de conceitos entre estudantes de medicina / Palliative care: perception of teaching and evaluation of concepts among medical undergraduates / Cuidados paliativos: percepción de la enseñanza y evaluación de conceptos entre estudiantes de medicina

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos de estudantes do quarto, quinto e sexto anos da graduação em medicina de uma faculdade particular de Belo Horizonte, bem como investigar sua percepções sobre o ensino do tema. Trata-se de estudo transversal observacional com aplicação de questionário on-line para 135 acadêmicos. Dentre os participantes, 40,7% consideram-se preparados para lidar com morte de pacientes e luto dos familiares, 80,7% classificam o próprio nível de conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos como regular e 77% afirmam não ter recebido informações suficientes sobre o assunto. Ao avaliar conceitos, 20% tiveram desempenho insatisfatório, 48% aceitável e 3% excelente. Acadêmicos de anos mais avançados e que fizeram o internato em saúde do idoso apresentaram melhores respostas. Revelou-se que, apesar de o desempenho dos estudantes ser em geral regular, o internato em saúde do idoso tem impacto positivo na aquisição de conhecimento sobre cuidados paliativos.

Abstract This study evaluates the knowledge of fourth, fifth and sixth-year medical undergraduates about palliative care and their perceptions regarding teaching of this topic. Cross-sectional observational research was conducted with 135 undergraduates from a private medical school in Belo Horizonte by means of an online questionnaire. Of the participants, 40.7% considered themselves prepared to address patient death and the bereavement of family members, 80.7% rated their level of knowledge about palliative care as mediocre and 77% said they received insufficient information on the subject. When evaluating concepts, 20% of the participants had an unsatisfactory performance, 48% acceptable and 3% excellent. Students from more advanced years and who had completed an internship in elderly health had better responses. Despite regular student performance, the internship in elderly health positively impacts the acquisition of palliative care knowledge.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos de estudiantes de cuarto, quinto y sexto curso de la carrera de medicina de una facultad privada de Belo Horizonte, así como investigar sus percepciones sobre la enseñanza del tema. Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal que utilizó un cuestionario en línea para 135 académicos. Entre los participantes, el 40,7% se considera preparado para afrontar la muerte de los pacientes y el duelo de los familiares, el 80,7% califica como regular su propio nivel de conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos, y el 77% afirma no haber recibido suficiente información sobre el tema. Al evaluar conceptos, el 20% tuvo un desempeño insatisfactorio, el 48% aceptable y el 3% excelente. Los académicos de años más avanzados y que completaron el internado en salud del anciano presentaron mejores respuestas. Se reveló que, aunque el desempeño de los estudiantes sea generalmente regular, el internado en salud del anciano tiene impacto positivo en la adquisición de conocimiento sobre cuidados paliativos.

Do PROVAB ao Programa Mais Médicos: caminhos percorridos no estado da Bahia / From PROVAB to the Mais Médicos Program: paths taken in the state of Bahia / Del PROVAB al Programa Más Médicos: caminos recorridos en el estado de Bahía

A escassez e a desigualdade de recursos humanos, especialmente de médicos na Atenção Primária à Saúde, são desafios para os sistemas universais de saúde. No Brasil, diversas estratégias para minorar o problema são adotadas desde 1968. Em 2011, foi instituído o Programa de Valorização do Profissional de Atenção Básica (Provab), com a finalidade de prover e qualificar médicos, enfermeiros e odontólogos para atuarem na Saúde da Família. Associado a essa estratégia, foi criado o Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil, em 2013, com três eixos de atuação: provimento emergencial, formação médica e investimento em infraestrutura dos serviços da rede de atenção. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a experiência do Provab na Bahia, considerando os diversos pontos de vista dos autores referentes ao Provab e ao Programa Mais Médicos na Bahia, dando ênfase ao componente prioritário da formação médica em serviço, sobretudo à integração entre esses programas. Algumas estratégias foram estabelecidas, tais como: ações voltadas à qualificação da formação médica em serviço; qualificação da supervisão médica; implantação da coordenação descentralizada da supervisão; apoio institucional; e integração das comissões coordenadoras estaduais. As estratégias adotadas pelo estado da Bahia para promover a integração entre os programas se mostraram efetivas, como pode ser observado na implantação dos eixos estruturantes do Programa Mais Médicos.

Scarcity and inequality of human resources, especially physicians in Primary Health Care, are a challenge for universal health systems. In Brazil, several strategies to mitigate the issue have been adopted since 1968. In 2011, the Primary Care Professional Appreciation Program (Provab) was established to provide and qualify doctors, nurses, and dentists to work in Family Health. Associated with this strategy, the Mais Médicos pelo Brasil Program was created in 2013, acting on three axes: emergency provision, medical education, and investment in care network services infrastructure. This paper presents the experience of Provab in the state of Bahia, Brazil, considering the different viewpoints regarding Provab and the Mais Médicos Program, emphasizing the priority component of in-service medical education, especially the integration between these programs. Some strategies were established, such as: actions aimed at qualifying in-service medical education; qualification of medical supervision; implementation of decentralized supervision; institutional support; and integration of the State Coordinating Committees. The strategies adopted by the state of Bahia to promote integration between the programs proved to be effective, as can be seen in the implementation of the Mais Médicos Program structuring axes.

La escasez y desigualdad de recursos humanos, especialmente de médicos en la Atención Primaria de Salud, es un desafío para los sistemas universales de salud. En Brasil, se han adoptado varias estrategias para mitigar el problema desde 1968. En 2011, se creó el Programa de Valorización del Profesional de Atención Primaria (Provab), con el objetivo de proporcionar capacitación a médicos, enfermeros y odontólogos para actuar en Salud de la Familia. Para sumarse a esta estrategia, se creó en 2013 el Programa Más Médicos para Brasil, con tres ejes de acción: provisión de emergencia, formación médica e inversión en infraestructura de servicios de la red de atención. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar la vivencia de Provab en Bahía (Brasil), considerando los diferentes puntos de vista de los autores sobre el Provab y el Programa Más Médicos en Bahía, enfatizando el componente prioritario de la formación médica en servicio, especialmente la integración entre estos programas. Se establecieron algunas estrategias, tales como las acciones dirigidas a la calificación de la formación médica en servicio; calificación de supervisión médica; implementación de la coordinación descentralizada de la supervisión; apoyo institucional; e integración de las Comisiones Coordinadoras Estatales. Las estrategias adoptadas por el estado de Bahía para promover la integración entre los programas fueron eficaces, como se puede ver en la implementación de los ejes estructurantes del Programa Más Médicos.

Análise do processo de formulação do Programa Mais Médicos / Analysis of the formulation process of the Mais Médicos Program

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de formulação do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM). O estudo procurou responder: (1) Por que o PMM foi formulado com seu formato específico e (2) Quais atores, ideias e instituições influenciaram seu processo de formulação? Para isso, foram analisadas as soluções presentes no debate público para as insuficiências na oferta e formação de médicos, desde os anos 1960 até a criação do PMM. O método adotado foi de process tracing, com uso de análises bibliográfica, documental e de entrevistas. Foram utilizados, principalmente, os recursos teóricos oferecidos pelos estudos sobre processo político e a Teoria da Mudança Institucional Gradual. Dentre os principais resultados, destacam-se os seguintes: o desenho do programa foi modificado significativamente desde sua proposição pelo Poder Executivo até sua aprovação como lei; a conjuntura favorável, caracterizada pela aprovação popular e política do programa, junto à ação estratégica de seus formuladores, permitiu a ampliação de escopo, aproximando o PMM dos princípios defendidos pela Comunidade de Políticas Movimento Sanitário; o seu formato foi influenciado por políticas implementadas em períodos anteriores e por ideias defendidas anteriormente pelos seus principais formuladores.

Abstract This study analyzes the formulation process of the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos - PMM), to answer the following questions: (1) Why was the PMM formulated with its specific format and (2) which actors, ideas, and institutions influenced its formulation process. To do so, we examine the solutions the public debate proposed to the medical supply and training insufficiencies from the 1960s until the creatin of the PMM. Based on process tracing, this study analyzed bibliographic, documentary, and interview data. Studies on political process and the theory of gradual institutional change formed its theoretical background. Results showed that the government significantly modified the program design from its proposal until its approval. The favorable scenario, characterized by the popular and political approval of the Program, together with its formulators' strategic actions, enabled the expansion of its scope, approaching the principles which the health movement policy community defended. Finally, previously implemented policies and its main formulators' ideas influenced its format.

Tareas docentes para la formación investigativo-laboral y de gestión del conocimiento desde Enfermería Ginecobstetricia / Teaching tasks for research-labor training and knowledge management through Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing

RESUMEN Fundamento: la estrategia curricular de formación investigativo-laboral y gestión del conocimiento contribuye al desarrollo de habilidades en los estudiantes para la educación permanente. Objetivo: diseñar tareas docentes para la implementación de la estrategia curricular de formación investigativo-laboral y de gestión del conocimiento en la asignatura Enfermería Ginecobstetricia. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal en la carrera de Enfermería durante el curso 2019-2020. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos, y empíricos: la observación a clases, encuesta en forma de cuestionario a profesores y entrevista a directivos y metodólogos. Se seleccionaron expertos para la valoración de las tareas diseñadas, con categoría docente de profesores auxiliares y asistentes, y con 15 o más años de experiencia. Resultados: solo en la menor cantidad de clases observadas se implementó la mencionada estrategia curricular, pocos profesores refirieron tener medianamente conocimientos para su aplicación desde su asignatura. Los directivos y metodólogos opinaron que existían insuficiencias en la preparación metodológica para el diseño de tareas docentes en función de sus objetivos. Conclusiones: se elaboraron tareas docentes, valoradas como adecuadas porque contribuyen al desarrollo de habilidades investigativas en los estudiantes y permiten la apropiación de conocimientos, habilidades y modos de actuación, pertinentes para la solución de problemas profesionales que se presenten durante su futuro desempeño laboral.

ABSTRACT Background: the curricular strategy of research-labor training and knowledge management contributes to the development of skills in students for permanent education. Objective: to design teaching tasks for the implementation of the curricular strategy of research-labor training and knowledge management in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing subject. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional investigation was carried out in the Nursing degree during the 2019-2020 academic year. Theoretical and empirical methods were applied: class observation, questionnaire survey to teachers and interview to managers and methodologists. Experts were selected for the assessment of the designed tasks, with the teaching ranks of assistant and associate professors, and with 15 or more years of experience. Results: only in the smallest number of classes observed was the aforementioned curricular strategy implemented, few teachers reported having moderate knowledge for its application from their subject. Managers and methodologists believed that there are shortcomings in the methodological preparation for the design of teaching tasks based on their objectives. Conclusions: teaching tasks were developed, valued as adequate because they contribute to the development of researching skills in students and allow the appropriation of knowledge, skills and modes of action, relevant for the solution of professional problems that arise during their future work performance.

Database of the alumni performance of the Ophthalmology Stricto sensu Postgraduate Program at Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP

Abstract Purpose To develop a database with social, demographic and professional information of all graduates of the two post-graduate programs in Ophthalmology of EPM-UNIFESP, including their opinions on quality, application, and contribution of the courses received in their professional careers. Methods The survey was conducted in the digital and physical archives of the University and by telephone contact. When the graduates' e-mails were all collected, the electronic questionnaire was applied. The responses were compiled. Descriptive analysis of the results obtained in this cross-sectional study was performed, and analyzed by the authors and by statistical professionals, through Excel graphs. Results The database suggests that most graduates were born and work in the state of São Paulo. A significant fraction of 66.77% is dedicated to academic work, but only 36.2% hold management positions. Most of them receive amounts of one to 56 minimum wages monthly. The main motivation was to improve their professional careers. Conclusion For post-graduate programs, a database with information of its graduates can elucidate whether the goals were achieved based on the proposed teaching, as well as can generate reflections to improve the quality, the courses expectations and the vision that students have of the University.

Modelación del pase de visita médico en coherencia con la función profesional atención médica integral / Modeling of the medical ward round according to the comprehensive medical care professional function

RESUMEN Fundamento: es necesario fortalecer la calidad de la enseñanza en la educación médica, y de modo particular en el pase de visita en la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: diseñar un modelo didáctico de pase de visita desde la perspectiva de la función profesional atención médica integral. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Facultad de Medicina de Guantánamo durante el curso académico 2017-2018. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, sistémico-estructural y modelación; empíricos: análisis documental; y matemáticos estadísticos para las frecuencias absolutas y cálculo de porcentajes. El diseño fue valorado por criterio de especialistas. Resultados: en el análisis documental no se encontró una modelación del pase de visita desde la perspectiva de la función profesional atención médica integral, como exige el modelo profesional del médico general cubano, por lo que se diseñó una propuesta didáctica que contiene dos etapas de las que emergen varias categorías en forma de sistema, las cuales garantizan la interacción estudiante-docente-grupo de trabajo-paciente-familia-comunidad. Conclusiones: el modelo diseñado para el pase de visita es coherente con la función profesional atención médica integral. Los especialistas consultados lo valoraron con posibilidades de ser aplicado en la práctica pedagógica para generar cambios favorables en la actuación de los estudiantes de Medicina para la solución de problemas de salud.

ABSTRACT Background: it is necessary to strengthen the quality of teaching in medical education and particularly in the ward round in the medical degree. Objective: to design a didactic model of the ward round from the perspective of the comprehensive medical care professional function. Methods: a development research was carried out at the Guantanamo School of Medicine during the 2017-2018 academic year. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, systemic-structural and modeling; empirical: documentary analysis; and statistical mathematics for absolute frequencies and calculation of percentages. The design was assessed by specialist's criteria. Results: In the documentary analysis, a ward round modeling was not found from the perspective of the comprehensive medical care professional function , as required by the professional model of the Cuban general practitioner, so a didactic proposal was designed that contains two stages where several categories in a system form emerge, which guarantee the student-teacher-workgroup-patient-family-community interaction. Conclusions: the model designed for the ward round is consistent with the comprehensive medical care professional function. The specialists consulted valued it with possibilities of being applied in pedagogical practice to generate favorable changes in the performance of medical students for the solution of health problems.

Burnout Syndrome in medical internship students and its prevention with Balint Group

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: We intend to estimate the Burnout Syndrome prevalence and its associated factors among medical internship students at a public university in northeastern Brasil, besides investigating the Balint Group (BG) contribution in its prevention. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in February/2018 with Medical Internship Students at the University researched. We applied a structured questionnaire developed by the authors about socio-demographic data, educational process with BG participation, and current psycho-emotional experiences, in addition to the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS), for Burnout Syndrome screening. We performed descriptive data analysis, logistic regression, and cluster analysis. RESULTS: A total of 184 students (98%) participated in the study, with a mean age of 25.9±3.9 years, of which 54.9% were men. The prevalence of Burnout Syndrome was 10.3% based on the three-dimensional criterion and 35.9% on two-dimensional criterion (Exhaustion and Cynicism); it was higher in those who thought about quitting the program (OR=2.14), were dissatisfied with the teaching strategies (OR=2.67) and their performance (OR=2.64) and made use of licit drugs (OR=2.37). The variables associated with Burnout Syndrome allowed individuals to be discriminated, classifying them into three subgroups. Burnout Syndrome prevalence decreased, and vulnerability factors were attenuated when there was a higher frequency of students participating in BG. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of two-dimensional Burnout Syndrome was high, with factors associated with the educational process. Participation in BG was associated with a lower Burnout rate prevalence. Longitudinal studies should be conducted.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de Síndrome de Burnout (SB) e fatores associados entre os internos de medicina de uma universidade pública no Nordeste do Brasil, além de investigar a contribuição do Grupo Balint (GB) na sua prevenção. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal em fevereiro/2018 com os internos de medicina da universidade pesquisada. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado elaborado pelos autores sobre características sociodemográficas, processo educacional com participação do GB e vivências psicoemocionais atuais, além do Maslach Burnout Inventory - Student Survey (MBI-SS) para triagem de SB. Realizaram-se análise descritiva, regressão logística e análise de agrupamentos. RESULTADOS: Participaram 184 estudantes (98%), com idade média de 25,9±3,9 anos, sendo 54,9% do sexo masculino. A prevalência de SB foi 10,3% pelo critério tridimensional e 35,9% pelo bidimensional (Exaustão e Descrença), sendo maior naqueles que pensaram em abandonar o curso (OR=2,14), estavam insatisfeitos com as estratégias de ensino (OR=2,67) e com seu desempenho acadêmico (OR=2,64) e faziam uso de drogas lícitas (OR=2,37). As variáveis associadas à SB permitiram discriminar os indivíduos classificando-os em três subgrupos. A prevalência de SB diminuiu e fatores de vulnerabilidade foram atenuados quando houve maior frequência de estudantes participantes do GB. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de SB pelo critério bidimensional foi alta, com fatores associados ao processo educacional. A participação no GB foi associada à menor prevalência de SB. Estudos longitudinais devem ser realizados.

Enfoque salutogénico en el estudio de la autoestima del adulto mayor / Salutogenic approach in the study of the self-esteem of the elderly

RESUMEN Los profesionales que atienden adultos mayores necesitan preparación científica sobre el enfoque salutogénico en el tratamiento de la baja autoestima para diagnosticar y disminuir la afectación que puede ocasionar esta actitud en la vida de las personas de la tercera edad. Se realizó un análisis acerca de la importancia del mencionado enfoque, con el objetivo de socializar la necesidad de su conocimiento entre los que se encuentran en proceso formativo de pregrado, o en el periodo de perfeccionamiento científico-profesional de posgrado en el campo de la salud, la formación pedagógica y la cultura física, por su aplicación en actividades terapéuticas, de rehabilitación, deportivas y recreativas.

ABSTRACT Professionals who care for the elderly need scientific training on the salutogenic approach in the treatment of low self-esteem to diagnose and reduce the effect this attitude can have on the lives of the elderly. An analysis was made about the importance of the aforementioned approach, with the aim of socializing the need for their knowledge among those who are in the undergraduate training process, or in the period of scientific-professional advanced training in the health field, pedagogical training and physical culture, for its application in therapeutic, rehabilitation, sports and recreational activities.

Análisis de la situación de salud: herramienta científico-metodológica para el trabajo del médico de familia / Analysis of the health situation: scientific-methodological tool for the work of the General practitioner

RESUMEN El análisis de situación de salud constituye el instrumento científico-metodológico adecuado para identificar, priorizar y solucionar los problemas de una determinada comunidad, con incidencia positiva en la modificación del estado de salud de sus habitantes. Es objetivo de esta comunicación ofrecer sus antecedentes, definición y otros aspectos que faciliten su impartición en la educación médica, destacando su importancia en el trabajo de la atención primaria, en la que se unen la función asistencial, docente e investigativa, por lo que su enseñanza debe ser sistemática y cotidiana.

ABSTRACT The health situation analysis constitutes the appropriate scientific-methodological instrument to identify, prioritize and solve the problems of a specific community, with a positive impact on the modification of the health status of its inhabitants. The purpose of this research paper is to offer its background, definition and other aspects that facilitate its teaching in medical education, highlighting its importance in the work of primary health care, in which the care, teaching and research function is united, so that its teaching must be systematic and daily.

Modelos sobre promoción de salud en medicina familiar internacional e implicaciones en medicina general integral / Models on health promotion in international family medicine and implications in comprehensive general medicine

RESUMEN Introducción: los conceptos de salud y promoción de salud han evolucionado en los últimos años, oscilan desde una concepción médica hasta una más general lo cual ha conllevado a nuevas redefiniciones. Objetivo: identificar los diferentes modelos/enfoques en promoción de salud en la medicina familiar contemporánea internacional para proponer un modelo integrador sobre la base de lo mejor de cada modelo identificado. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de enero a marzo del 2019 en las bases de datos: MEDLINE y SciELO, usando palabras claves como: health promotion, y family medicine, family physician, general practice, general practitioner; se consultaron libros de texto de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria de países como Estados Unidos, Canadá, España, Brasil, Argentina, y capítulos de libros y bibliografía básica sobre promoción de salud de reconocidos autores, utilizando como criterio de inclusión la práctica y enseñanza de la promoción de salud en la medicina familiar. Resultados: se exponen los diferentes modelos de la promoción de salud en la medicina familiar internacional: biomédico, educativo, de comportamientos/estilos de vida, de empoderamiento, de etapas de vida, socioambiental, de desigualdades sociales en salud, ecológico y salutogénico, los que fueron analizados a partir de diferentes puntos de vista de varios autores. Conclusiones: luego de un proceso de inducción, deducción, de análisis y síntesis, se propone un modelo integrador que recoge lo mejor de los modelos identificados y que pudiera aplicarse a la medicina general integral cubana.

ABSTRACT Background: the concepts of health and health promotion have evolved in recent years, ranging from a medical concept to a more general one, which has led to new redefinitions. Objective: to identify the different models / approaches in health promotion in international contemporary family medicine to propose an integrating model based on the best of each identified model. Method: a literature review was carried out from January to March 2019 in the databases: MEDLINE and SciELO, using keywords such as: health promotion, and family medicine, family physician, general practice, general practitioner; We consulted textbooks of Family and Community Medicine from countries such as the United States, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Argentina, and book chapters and basic bibliography on health promotion of recognized authors, using as an inclusion criterion the practice and teaching of health promotion in family medicine. Results: the different models of health promotion in international family medicine are presented: biomedical, educational, behavioral / lifestyles, empowerment, stages of life, socio-environmental, social inequalities in health, ecological and salutogenic, which were analyzed from different points of view of several authors. Conclusions: after a process of induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, an integrating model is proposed that gathers the best of the identified models which could be applied to the Cuban comprehensive general medicine.

Effect of changes to the formal curriculum on medical students' motivation towards learning: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: One of the factors known to influence performance in the learning process is student motivation. In turn, students' motivation can be regulated by a large number of variables relating to the individual (such as sex, age and socioeconomic status) or to aspects of the academic life. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of curriculum changes involving reduction in content overload and increased early exposure to clinical settings, on motivation towards learning among Year 1 medical students. Secondarily, the aim was to ascertain whether this influence on motivation remained stable until the undergraduate program ended (Year 6). DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study on two student cohorts at a Brazilian state-owned university. METHODS: Two consecutive student cohorts were assessed: one with a traditional curriculum (n = 87) and the other with a reformed curriculum (n = 63), at the same medical school. Participants in both cohorts gave responses on four scales in Years 1 and 6: the Academic Motivation Scale, containing subscales for autonomous and controlled motivation, and lack of motivation towards learning; Beck's Anxiety and Depression Inventories; Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; and the Social Adjustment Scale. In Year 6, 68% of the initial sample (66 students with the traditional curriculum and 36 with the reformed curriculum) was reassessed. RESULTS: No differences between Year 1 cohorts were found regarding demographic and social background, social adjustment, depression or anxiety. Students with the reformed curriculum scored significantly higher regarding autonomous and controlled motivation than those with the traditional curriculum. Comparison between Year 6 and Year 1 showed increases in controlled motivation only for the traditional curriculum cohort. CONCLUSION: Curriculum changes were associated with increased motivation towards learning in Year 1, which persisted until Year 6.

La participación comunitaria como eje de la atención primaria de la salud / Community participation as the core of primary health care

RESUMEN En Cuba la comunidad tiene importancia como escenario de participación popular, esta se fortalece a través de la organización de la colectividad. El equipo de salud conjuntamente con los representantes de los sectores involucrados en la ejecución de los proyectos salubristas, materializan su realización. Los autores analizaron varias bibliografías con el objetivo de socializar algunos conceptos y formas de interactuar con sus integrantes para confeccionar las tareas que fortalecen la labor comunitaria, entre ellas: la identificación de los líderes y de las necesidades de aprendizaje, la elaboración del análisis integral de la situación de salud, el desarrollo de estrategias de comunicación social, la aplicación del método investigación-acción participativa para la solución de los problemas, la evaluación sistemática de las acciones propuestas y el impacto en los niveles de salud de la población.

ABSTRACT In Cuba, the community is important as a setting for popular participation, it is strengthened through the organization of the community. The health teams, together with the representatives of the sectors involved in carrying out the health-care projects, materialize their implementation. The authors analyzed several bibliographies with the aim of socializing some concepts and ways of interacting with their members to prepare the tasks that strengthen community work, among them: the identification of leaders and learning needs, the elaboration of a comprehensive analysis of the health situation, the development of social communication strategies, the application of the participatory research-action method for the solution of the problems, the systematic evaluation of the proposed actions and the impact on the health levels of the population.

Quality of life of medical students in Brazil: a comparative study / Calidad de vida de estudiantes de medicina en Brasil: un estudio comparativo

ABSTRACT Background: VERAS survey multicenter project, carried out in 2011-2012, evaluated the quality of life (QoL) of students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. Aim: To evaluate QoL of undergraduate medical students, taking Veras-q national data as comparison. Material and Methods: We evaluated the QoL of 197 medical students in a Brazilian private medical school at Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2014. Students in the first two years were grouped in Phase I; those in years three and four were grouped in Phase II. Those in the internship (fifth and sixth years) were grouped in Phase III. Results: Students from Phase I group had better QoL averages than those from Phase II. Phase I students presented significantly (p < 0.05) better scores in the Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to Phase II students, those in Phase III obtained better scores in the Physical and Environmental domains. Female students had significantly lower (p < 0.01) scores than male students in Physical, Psychological and Use of Time domains. Compared to the national sample survey, these students had higher (p < 0.01) scores in all domains, except for the Physical domain in Phase II (p < 0.4352). Conclusions: These students had a better quality of life than those surveyed in the national Veras-q study. Female students had lower scores. Adjusted schedules and lower work overload, as consequences of effective interdisciplinarity in curricular components, may have contributed to higher students' QoL.

Antecedentes: El proyecto multicéntrico VERAS evaluó la calidad de vida de estudiantes de medicina en los años 2011-2012. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de un grupo de estudiantes de medicina y compararla con los datos del proyecto VERAS. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó calidad de vida en 197 estudiantes de medicina de universidades privadas de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil en 2014. Los estudiantes de los dos primeros años fueron agrupados en la fase I, aquellos de tercer y cuarto año en fase II y los del internado en fase III. Resultados: Los estudiantes en fase I tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que aquellos en fase II. Los estudiantes en fase I tuvieron mejores puntajes en los dominios psicológico y uso del tiempo. Los estudiantes en fase III tuvieron mejores puntajes en los dominios físico y ambiental que los estudiantes en fase II. Las mujeres obtuvieron menores puntajes en los dominios físico, psicológico y uso del tiempo, que los hombres. Al comparar con el estudio nacional, estos estudiantes tuvieron mejores puntajes en todos los dominios, excepto el físico en estudiantes en fase II. Conclusiones: Estos estudiantes tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que sus pares estudiados previamente. Las mujeres tuvieron puntajes más bajos que los hombres. Una menor carga de trabajo, como consecuencia de un currículo multidisciplinario, puede haber influido en esta mejor calidad de vida.

Multidisciplinary education with a focus on COPD in primary health care / Educação multiprofissional com foco na DPOC na atenção primária à saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the use of video lessons on the topic of COPD as a training tool for a multidisciplinary team working in the primary health care sector. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study involving a multidisciplinary team working at a primary health care clinic. The level of knowledge about COPD was measured by applying a specific, 16-item questionnaire - before, immediately after, and three months after the video lessons. In a set of six structured video lessons, the training focused on the prevention, case-finding, treatment, and monitoring of cases of COPD. The data were analyzed with the Friedman test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, Tukey's post hoc test, Dunnett's test, and the Bonferroni test. Results: There was a significant difference between the periods before and immediately after the training in terms of the scores on 15 of the 16 items on the questionnaire regarding the level of knowledge about COPD. The median total score of the participants increased significantly, from 60 points before the training to 77 points immediately thereafter and 3 months thereafter (p < 0.001 for both). Before the training, 23 (63.9%) and 13 (36.1%) of the members of the multidisciplinary team presented strong and very strong levels of agreement, respectively, among the 16 questionnaire items. After the training, 100% of the individuals presented a very strong degree of agreement. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary education through video lessons increased the knowledge of COPD on the part of a primary health care team, and the knowledge acquired was retained for at least three months after the intervention.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de videoaulas como instrumento de capacitação de uma equipe multiprofissional na atenção primária à saúde sobre DPOC. Métodos: Estudo quase-experimental realizado com uma equipe multiprofissional da atenção primária à saúde. O nível de conhecimento sobre DPOC foi mensurado por um questionário específico em três momentos: antes, imediatamente depois e três meses depois da capacitação por videoaulas. Durante a capacitação abordaram-se os seguintes eixos temáticos: prevenção, busca ativa do paciente com DPOC, tratamento e monitoramento - num conjunto de seis videoaulas estruturadas. A análise foi conduzida através dos testes de Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis, post hoc de Tukey, Dunnett e Bonferroni. Resultados: Dos 16 itens do questionário sobre o nível de conhecimento em DPOC, 15 apresentaram diferenças significativas antes e logo depois da capacitação. A mediana do escore total do questionário dos participantes passou de 60 pontos antes da capacitação para 77 pontos nos momentos logo depois e três meses depois da capacitação (p < 0,001 para ambos). Antes da capacitação, 23 (63,9%) e 13 (36,1%) dos indivíduos da equipe multiprofissional apresentaram grau de concordância forte e muito forte para os 16 itens do questionário, respectivamente. Após a capacitação, 100% dos indivíduos passaram a apresentar grau de concordância muito forte. Conclusões: A capacitação multiprofissional por videoaulas aumentou o conhecimento da equipe de atenção primária à saúde sobre DPOC, e houve manutenção do conhecimento adquirido até três meses da intervenção.

Estereotipos de género ocultos en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de Medicina: un análisis necesario / Gender stereotypes hidden in the learning of medical students: a necessary analysis

Fundamento: algunos modelos educativos están basados en supuestos androcéntricos que invisibilizan a las mujeres. Suele existir un currículo oculto de género donde implícitamente se perpetúan valores, conceptos, relaciones de poder, roles y creencias sexistas que refuerzan la discriminación hacia las féminas. Objetivo: identificar los estereotipos de género en los textos que contienen problemas elaborados empleando la metodología Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, con que se forman los estudiantes durante el ciclo inicial de la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional del Sur. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo cualitativo. Se trabajó con la totalidad de los textos elaborados con la citada metodología en las trece (13) unidades correspondientes al ciclo inicial de la carrera, del ciclo lectivo 2017. Para ello se utilizó como método teórico: análisis crítico del discurso y como método empírico: análisis documental. Resultados: algunos de los problemas elaborados reproducen estereotipos de género coincidentes con los roles sociales asignados a la mujer, relacionándolas con las tareas hogareñas y como madre y cuidadora. Entre los hombres se refuerzan los asociados con su fortaleza masculina, su capacidad para revertir la situación económica como proveedor de su familia y su resistencia ante el dolor. Conclusiones: la ausencia de objetivos sobre género suscita que estos temas no sean discutidos en forma planificada. Esta distinción genérica naturaliza las desigualdades y aleja sus análisis del enfoque social que les corresponde, al mismo tiempo que repercute en una inadecuada concepción de su tratamiento en la educación médica al afirmarlos como estereotipos sociales.

Background: some educational models are based on androcentric assumptions that make women invisible. There is usually a hidden gender curriculum where values, concepts, power relations, roles and sexist beliefs are implicitly perpetuated that reinforce discrimination against females. Objective: to identify gender stereotypes in texts that contain problems elaborated using the Problem Based Learning methodology, with which students are trained during the initial cycle of the Medicine Degree at the Universidad Nacional del Sur. Methods: a qualitative descriptive study was carried out. We worked with all the texts prepared with the aforementioned methodology in the thirteen (13) units corresponding to the initial cycle of the degree, of the 2017 school year. For this, the following theoretical method was used: critical discourse analysis and empirical method: documentary analysis Results: some of the problems elaborated reproduce gender stereotypes coinciding with the social roles assigned to women, relating them to household chores and as a mother and caregiver. Among men are reinforced those associated with their male strength, their ability to reverse the economic situation as a provider of the family and their resistance to pain. Conclusions: the absence of objectives on gender causes that these issues are not discussed in a planned manner. This generic distinction naturalizes inequalities and moves their analysis away from the social focus that corresponds to them, at the same time that it has an inadequate conception of their treatment in medical education when affirming them as social stereotypes.

Are surface and deep learning approaches associated with study patterns and choices among medical students? A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Different approaches to learning can exert considerable influence on the teaching-learning process in medical education. This study aimed to investigate the association of surface and deep learning with study patterns, preferred type of assessment, practices of cheating and quality of sleep among medical students. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study on medical students enrolled in all six years of a medical school in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. METHODS: Questionnaires were applied to evaluate learning approaches (R-SPQ-2F), study patterns, sources and choices, and quality of sleep. Students' learning approaches (deep or surface) were assessed in relation to their study patterns, study resources, quality of sleep and whether they cheated in tests. RESULTS: Among the 710 students included, 43% frequently studied on the night before an exam, 65% had used psychostimulants to study and more than 46% had cheated in an exam. Regarding quality of sleep, most students (53.4%) reported that their quality of sleep was poor, such that 45.3% slept for fewer than five hours before an exam. Those who studied just prior to an exam, used class summaries, preferred multiple-choice questions and cheated during the test had a more surface-learning approach. On the other hand, those who read books, preferred practical exams and slept better had a deeper approach. CONCLUSION: The type of learning approach was associated with study patterns and choices among medical students. Educators need to be attentive to the type of learning their students use and think of measures that impact teaching and assessment methods.

Percepción del gastroenterólogo sobre las necesidades de educación médica continua en el Perú / Perception of the gastroenterologist about the needs of continuing medical education in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la percepción del gastroenterólogo sobre las necesidades de educación médica continua (EMC) en el Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. La muestra fue no probabilística. Se aplicó una encuesta a los gastroenterólogos miembros de la Sociedad de Gastroenterología del Perú. El cuestionario se elaboró en base al "Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Educational Needs Assessment Report" con una escala tipo Likert de 5 puntos (1= no necesario y 5= indispensable). Se determinó el promedio de los puntajes obtenidos en cada uno de los 33 ítems de las áreas clínica, endoscópica y métodos de aprendizaje. Resultados: Hubo 75 participantes y la edad promedio fue 43,40 años (DE ± 10,22 años). El lugar de trabajo principalmente fue Lima (68%) y la mayoría (50,67%) tuvo un tiempo de servicio menor de 5 años. La percepción de necesidades educativas en el área clínica fue mayor para el cáncer gástrico (4,37 ± 0,87) y el cáncer de colon (4,37 ± 0,83); en el área endoscópica fueron la polipectomía (4,15 ± 0,95) y las técnicas de emergencia (4,13 ± 0,99). Los principales métodos de aprendizaje para los gastroenterólogos fueron la asistencia a congresos (4,29 ± 0,83) y los talleres endoscópicos (4,19 ± 1,06). Conclusiones: La percepción del gastroenterólogo encuestado sobre las necesidades de EMC fue principalmente sobre temas de cáncer gástrico y de colon. La mayoría de ellos consideró la asistencia a congresos como el principal método de aprendizaje.

Objective: To determine the perception of the gastroenterologist about the needs of continuing medical education (CME) in Peru. Material and methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study. The sample was not probabilistic. A survey was applied to the gastroenterologists members of the Society of Gastroenterology of Peru. The questionnaire was developed based on the "Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Educational Needs Assessment Report" with a Likert scale of 5 points (1 = not necessary and 5 = indispensable). The average of the scores obtained in each of the 33 items of the clinical, endoscopic and learning methods areas was determined. Results: There were 75 participants and the average age was 43.40 years (SD ± 10.22 years). The place of work was mainly Lima (68%) and the majority (50.67%) had a service time of less than 5 years. The perception of educational needs in the clinical area was higher for gastric cancer (4.37 ± 0.87) and colon cancer (4.37 ± 0.83); in the endoscopic area were polypectomy (4.15 ± 0.95) and emergency techniques (4.13 ± 0.99). The main learning methods for gastroenterologists were attendance at congresses (4.29 ± 0.83) and endoscopic workshops (4.19 ± 1.06). Conclusions: The perception of the gastroenterologist surveyed on the needs of CME was mainly on gastric and colon cancer issues. Most of them considered congress attendance as the main learning method.

La investigación científica a treinta años de la medicina familiar en atención primaria de salud / The scientific research after thirty-years of family medicine in primary health care

Fundamento: la atención primaria de salud ofrece grandes oportunidades para la investigación, es un área de conocimientos propios y necesarios de desarrollar para perfeccionar la calidad de los servicios y la salud de los pacientes. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la productividad científica en profesionales del Policlínico Universitario "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" de Santa Clara, a treinta años de la medicina familiar en la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal en el Policlínico Universitario "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" en los años 2016 y 2017. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo, e histórico-lógico; y empíricos: análisis documental y la entrevista a informantes clave. Resultados: se constataron insuficiencias en la producción científica de los profesionales en cuanto a su participación en eventos, lo cual se asevera con las pocas premiaciones logradas en los forums de ciencia y técnica. De igual modo, las publicaciones científicas, a pesar de haber aumentado en el 2017, aún no revelan un incremento notable. Existen pocos investigadores categorizados y solo siete proyectos contratados en los dos años analizados. Conclusiones: la caracterización realizada expresó insuficiencias significativas en el contexto estudiado, porque sus profesionales no han mostrado resultados alentadores en los rubros explorados.

Background: primary health care offers great researching opportunities; it is an area of own and necessary knowledge to develop to improve the quality of services and the patients´ health. Objective: to characterize the behavior of scientific productivity in professionals of the Chiqui Gómez Lubián University Polyclinic of Santa Clara, after thirty years of family medicine in primary health care. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out in the "Chiqui Gómez Lubián" University Polyclinic in the years 2016 and 2017. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive, and historical-logical; and empirical ones: documentary analysis and the interview to key informants. Results: there were insufficiencies in the scientific production of the professionals in terms of their participation in events, which is confirmed by the few awards obtained in the science and technical forums. Similarly, scientific publications, despite having increased in 2017, still do not reveal a notable increase. There are few ranked researchers and only seven projects have been contracted in the two years analyzed. Conclusions: the characterization made expressed significant shortcomings in the context studied, because their professionals have not shown encouraging results in the explored areas.

Parto normal ou cesárea: opinião de estudantes de medicina do sul do Brasil / Vaginal birth or cesarean: choices among medical students at universities in Southern Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar a opinião sobre via de parto entre estudantes de medicina de duas faculdades. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo transversal, com aplicação dequestionário em alunos de medicina de todos os anos em uma universidade federal e outra privada em Santa Catarina. Foram analisadas a via de parto que o res­pondente considerava com "menos riscos e mais benefícios" em gestação sem complicações, e via de parto que desejava para o nascimento de seus filhos (analisados fatores associados, como preferir cesariana).Para os alunos cursando o internato, questionou-se o momento em que "formou" ou "mudou" sua opinião. Resulta­dos: Dos 920 estudantes respondentes, a maioria considerou que parto vaginal é a via de menor risco (96% na faculdade pública,77% na privada).A preferência por cesariana para si mesmo foi de 20% de estudantes da escola pública e 55% dos alunos da escola privada (p< 0,001). Variáveis associadas com preferir cesariana para si mesmo foram "estudar em faculdade privada" (OR 4,9,IC 3,62-6,04) e "ter nascido de cesariana" (OR 2,29 IC 1,69-3,12). Durante o curso, referiram ter formado e/ou modificado sua opinião,38%dos estudantes sobre via de parto mais segura e 36% sobre via de parto preferencial. Conclusão: Estudantes de medicina reconhecem que o parto normal é mais seguro, mas 20% dos que frequentam a faculdade pública e 55% da faculdade privada preferem cesariana para o nascimento de seus filhos. Estas opiniões são modeladas durante ocurso e sofrem influência da via de nascimento do estudante e da faculdade aonde estudam.(AU)

Objective: To identify personal opinion on mode of delivery among medical students from two different universities. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectíonal study was carried out through a questionnaire applied at any year medical students from two different universities in Santa Catarina State (one public, one private). Mode of delivery that respondents considered "less risky and more beneficial" for low risk pregnant wom­en, and personal choice on mode of delivery for their own children were the key questions. Factors associ­ated with preferring cesarean section were analyzed. Students attending internship were asked about the moment they "formed" or "changed" opinion on the subject. Results: Of the 920 student respondents, the majority considered that vaginal delivery is the lowest risk route (96% in publíc college,77% in private).The caesarean preference for themselves was 20%for public school students, and 55% for private school students (p <0.001).Variables associated with preferring cesarean section for oneself were "studying in private college• (OR 4.9,CI 3.62-6.04) and "having been bornthrough cesarean"(OR 2.29 CI 1.69-3.12).Along graduation, having formed and/or modified opinion was reported by 38% of students about the safest delivery route, and 36% about preferred delivery route. Conclusion: Despite knowledge about the safety of normal childbirth, 20% of medical students attending public school and 55% of private school prefer cesarean for the birth of their children. The opinions are modeled during medical course,and influenced bythe student's own birth path and which university they attend.(AU)

Procedimientos metodológicos para la implementación de la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental / Methodological procedures for the implementation of the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education

Fundamento: las insuficiencias en la implementación de la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental en la formación del estudiante de Medicina, limitan la formación salubrista del médico general. Objetivo: elaborar procedimientos metodológicos traducidos en acciones concretas para perfeccionar la implementación de la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental. Método: se desarrolló una investigación de desarrollo esencialmente cualitativa desde noviembre 2016 a septiembre 2017 en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas de Puerto Padre, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Las Tunas. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; y empíricos: encuesta en forma de cuestionario a docentes y estudiantes. Resultados: se constataron carencias en cuanto al conocimiento de la metodología para aplicar la estrategia curricular Salud Pública y Educación Ambiental en los docentes, las cuales conspiran contra su efectiva implementación en las diferentes disciplinas, asignaturas y estancias desde primero a quinto años de la carrera de Medicina; esto limita el desarrollo de habilidades en los estudiantes para su futuro desempeño como médicos generales, por lo que se diseñaron procedimientos metodológicos. Conclusiones: fueron valorados por especialistas como pertinentes, factibles de aplicar y de utilidad para la ejecución de la mencionada estrategia curricular, por lo que constituye una herramienta adecuada en la formación salubrista del médico general.

Background: the insufficiencies in the implementation of the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education in the training of the medical student, limit the training of the general practitioner. Objective: to develop methodological procedures that lead to concrete actions to improve the implementation of the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education. Method: an essentially qualitative development research work was developed from November 2016 to September 2017 in the Medical Sciences site of Puerto Padre, of Las Tunas Medical Sciences University. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and the historical-logical; and empirical ones: survey in the form of a questionnaire for teachers and students. Results: deficiencies were found in the knowledge of the methodology to apply the curricular strategy Public Health and Environmental Education in the teachers, which conspire against its effective implementation in the different disciplines, subjects and rotations from the first to fifth years of the career of Medicine; this limits the development of skills in the students for their future performance as general practitioners, that's why methodological procedures were designed. Conclusions: they were valued by specialists as relevant, feasible to apply and useful for the implementation of the aforementioned curricular strategy, for that reason constitutes an adequate tool in the general practitioner's health education.